These additives promote the proliferation of desirable bacteria in the gut by competitive exclusion, competing for nutrients, immunomodulation, production of antimicrobial compounds and of course, growth of the probiotic organism, by providing a substrate available to the probiotic fermentation in case of the prebiotic ( Roberts et al., 2015 Roberts T, Wilson J, Guthrie A, Cookson K, Vancraeynest D, Shaeffer R, et al. Among them, probiotics and symbiotics (probiotic+prebiotic), are widely used as AGP alternatives in poultry production, for its low production cost (Oviedo-Rondón, 2019). Sethiya, 2016) and recently the use of new commercial alternatives, such as bacteriophages. Alternatives to antibiotics to prevent necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens:A microbiologist's perspective. Some of these additives have been known for several decades, such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, phytobiotics, enzymes ( Caly et al., 2015 Caly DL, D'Inca R, Auclair E, Drider D. Oviedo-Rondón, 2019) and that their use promotes among other things animal welfare and food safety (Sethiya, 2016 Oviedo-Rondón, 2019). Eubiosis and dysbiosis:the two sides of the microbiota. The topic of intestinal health has maintained interest in those additives classified as biomodulators of the intestinal microbiota or also called eubiotics, derived from eubiosis, understood as a balance of the intestinal microbial ecosystem ( Iebba et al., 2016 Iebba V, Totino V, Gagliardi A, Santangelo F, Cacciotti F, Trancassini M, et al. The current status of the alternative use to antibiotics in poultry production:an African perspective. Selaledi et al., 2020 Selaledi LA, Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Mabalebele M. Animal Feed Science Technology 2019 250:1-8. Holistic view of intestinal health in poultry. Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 2016 10(1):1-29. Review on natural growth promoters available for improving gut health of poultry:An alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Although several studies show that it is complicated to match the productive and economic results obtained with the use of antibiotics, the implications of continuing to use them are also known environmental contamination, risks to aquatic organisms and, of course, antimicrobial resistance, which implies a global challenge in the control of infectious diseases ( Sethiya, 2016 Sethiya, NK. Finally, the relative expression of enterobacteria, such as Lactobacillus salivarius, allowed associating positive changes in the microbiome and better productive parameters when including the symbiotic, with comparable results to the antibiotic when including the eubiotics.Īntibiotics Bacteriophages Probiotic Symbiotic Poultry NutritionĬurrently, the development of feed additives as alternatives to the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in broiler diets and other productive species is still under investigation. In the histological score, in duodenum, the antibiotic and eubiotics resulted with a higher score ( p<0.05), associated to a physiological and controlled inflammation response that allowed improving productivity. The height, width, and area of villi in duodenum was higher ( p<0.05) when antibiotic and eubiotics were included. A lower ( p<0.05) intestinal density was observed with the probiotic. The results obtained at 49 days of age for weight gain and feed conversion rate improved ( p<0.05) with the addition of the antibiotic and eubiotics. The treatments were distributed as follows: T1 = Control diet without antibiotic or eubiotic T2 = T1 + bacteriophages T3 = T1 + antibiotic T4 = T1 + probiotic T5 = T1 + symbiotic. A sorghum+soybean meal control diet was used, to which the additives under study were added. The birds were housed on concrete floors in a conventional house. In total 1000 mixed broiler chickens from Ross308 strain, one day old were obtained from a commercial hatchery. A completely randomized design with five treatments and 8 replicates of 25 birds each was used. An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different eubiotics on productive characteristics, intestinal integrity, as well as the content of enterobacteria in the cecum of broiler chickens.
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